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MNO Glossary

What is an MNO?

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Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), also known as wireless carriers, own or operate the physical network infrastructure – such as cell towers, antennae, and base stations – needed to provide mobile services to consumers. Over 1,000 MNOs currently work globally across 4,500 terrestrial networks, managing a significant proportion of the 8.8 billion active mobile subscriptions. 

As well as directly providing services to consumers, many MNOs also lease infrastructure access and capabilities to Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) and resellers, who create networking packages that may be more tailored to specific users, or on more flexible terms. Whether directly providing networking or leasing, by creating and maintaining the hardware that enables voice, SMS, and cellular data services, MNOs form the foundation of our modern networked society.

How Do MNOs Work?

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An MNO operates by acquiring radio spectrum licenses from governmental bodies: these grant the right to private organizations to use specific frequency bands for wireless communication. Once purchased, they build network infrastructure and connect users through mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, or Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

The mobile carrier manages everything from data transmission to billing systems, enabling seamless communication between subscribers on their own network and those on other networks.

What Does MNO Infrastructure Look Like?

MNOs rely on a sophisticated network architecture consisting of:

  • Radio Access Network (RAN): Includes cell towers and base stations that connect users’ devices to the network.
  • Core network: Handles routing, switching, and authentication of users, as well as managing data traffic.
  • Transmission network: Connects various network nodes, ensuring efficient data flow and regulatory compliance.
  • Support systems: Billing, customer relationship management (CRM), and operational support systems (OSS) that maintain service quality and user experience.

 

This infrastructure allows wireless carriers to deliver wide coverage, high data speeds, and reliable connectivity.

What Do MNOs Offer?

Every MNO is unique, and what they can offer varies from region to region. However, there is a range of typical services provided by MNOs to subscribers:


  1. Voice, SMS, and mobile data: The foundational pillars that support both consumer and enterprise communication needs. SMS capabilities can also be used to offer application-to-person (A2P) messaging, a key service for businesses. 
  2. 5G connectivity and broadband: The progressive rollout of 5G connectivity from 2019 onward has enabled MNOs to offer gigabit-level speeds and fixed wireless access (FWA) internet in some markets, creating a truly wireless option for both home and enterprise use.
  3. Roaming services: MNOs enable seamless international connectivity through global roaming agreements. This involves sophisticated traffic routing, billing reconciliation, and fraud prevention systems.
  4. Enterprise services: Enterprises rely on MNOs for private LTE/5G networks, managed mobility services, secure device connectivity, and unified communication solutions.

As networking capabilities continue to improve, MNOs are increasingly expanding into advanced services like private 5G networks, cloud-based communication, and eSIM management.

Examples of MNOs

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As mentioned above, MNOs service billions of subscribers across the world. Some key players globally include:

What’s the Difference Between MNOs and MVNOs?

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While both MNOs and MVNOs provide mobile services to consumers, they operate with fundamentally different business models. The differences between them can be broadly summarized as follows:


Ownership and Control
  • MNOs: Own infrastructure, spectrum, and backend systems.
  • MVNOs: Lease network capacity from MNOs, focusing on branding, marketing, and customer service.

Investment and Operational Complexity
  • MNOs invest billions in towers, spectrum auctions, fiber deployment, and 5G rollout.
  • MVNOs have lower capital requirements, allowing them to target niche markets.

Flexibility and Innovation
  • MNOs can deploy new technologies directly, such as VoLTE, 5G SA, and eSIM.
  • MVNOs depend on MNO agreements for feature access.

Target Markets
  • MNOs serve massive mainstream audiences across consumer and enterprise sectors.
  • MVNOs often focus on value-based segments (e.g. prepaid, frequent travelers, travel, youth markets).

Both models serve a crucial purpose: MNOs create the infrastructural backbone, while MVNOs offer diverse options for targeted groups.

What are MVNEs and MVNAs?

Alongside MNOs and MVNOs, there are also Mobile Virtual Network Enablers (MVNEs) and Mobile Virtual Network Aggregators (MVNAs). MVNEs are a backend solution that provide administrative functions for MVNOs like subscriber management, billing, and operational infrastructure. MVNAs instead work as a bridge between MVNOs and MNOs, purchasing wholesale network access from MVNOs to then resell to multiple MNOs. 

How can MNOs Benefit From eSIM?

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Embedded SIM (eSIM) technology enables subscribers to download connectivity plans over the air (OTA), instantly and remotely updating the services they have access to. This has several benefits for MNOs:

Operational Efficiency and Cost Savings

The adoption of eSIM drastically reduces the logistical burdens associated with physical SIM cards. The virtual nature of eSIM means that mobile carriers can benefit from:

  • Lower manufacturing and distribution costs, as the need for creating, packaging, and shipping physical SIM cards is eliminated
  • Minimized environmental impact as eSIM is a zero-waste option
  • Faster customer onboarding through remote provisioning, allowing MNOs to activate customers instantly.

Overall, eSIM enables MNOs to shift toward a more efficient, digital-first operating model that reduces key overheads and accelerates service delivery.

 

Better Customer Experience

Today’s mobile users expect frictionless onboarding and the flexibility to change plans or devices without unnecessary delays. eSIM directly supports these expectations by transforming a physical process into a digital one. Several eSIM features improve customer experience, including:

  • Instant activation: Users can activate their service immediately from their device with no need to visit a store or wait for SIM delivery, ensuring a digital-first journey that eliminates friction.
  • Simple plan switching: Customers can switch between plans or operators through an app or QR code, reducing churn and empowering users.
  • Hassle-free travel: Travelers can access local data plans without swapping SIM cards, improving convenience and lowering roaming costs.
  • Remote troubleshooting: Issues that previously required SIM replacement can now be resolved digitally.
  • Improved multi-device experience: Wearables, tablets, and smart devices can be activated with a few taps, simplifying the customer journey.

This level of convenience builds loyalty and helps MNOs differentiate themselves in a competitive connectivity market.

Stronger Global Reach

eSIM helps MNOs extend their reach far beyond traditional borders. Seamless and fast remote provisioning at affordable rates encourages international customers, expatriates, tourists, and business travelers to switch on roaming and connect to the network.

Enabling eSIM enhances global reach in several ways:

  • International customer acquisition: Travelers can purchase an MNO’s travel eSIM before they even land, turning silent roamers into data enthusiasts.
  • Global IoT deployments: Remote provisioning allows enterprises with devices across multiple countries to use a single MNO partner.
  • Cross-border partnerships: MNOs can form roaming or travel bundle collaborations with global carriers and digital marketplaces.

Providing eSIM removes geographical barriers, allowing MNOs to compete for customers on a truly global scale.

Expanded Device Ecosystem

As connectivity expands beyond smartphones, MNOs increasingly serve a diverse ecosystem of connected devices. eSIM accelerates this expansion by enabling seamless activation for many device categories. 

This opens doors to new revenue streams across wearables, consumer electronics, automotives, and healthcare devices. Remote provisioning makes it far easier for MNOs to scale across these device types, as eSIM solves critical challenges like physical access, lifespan management, and global connectivity.

Future-Proofing

As manufacturers move toward eliminating physical SIM trays, particularly with the rise of eSIM-only smartphones and wearables, MNOs must be ready to support a fully digital connectivity ecosystem.

Adopting eSIM ensures that MNOs remain competitive as this transition accelerates. Advantages of doing so include aligning with OEM trends, supporting fully digital customer journeys (for example, through super-apps), and increasing compatibility with emerging environments, like IIoT, private networks, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.

By embracing eSIM, MNOs position themselves not only to meet current market expectations but to lead in the next era of connectivity.

eSIM Use Cases for MNOs

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As eSIM adoption accelerates, MNOs are discovering a wide range of opportunities to expand their service offerings, reach new markets, and enhance customer experience. Three of the most impactful areas for MNOs are travel eSIMs, enterprise eSIM solutions, and IoT eSIM deployments.

Travel eSIM

Instead of relying exclusively on traditional roaming agreements, travel eSIM packages let MNOs offer competitive, short-term connectivity plans that appeal to tourists, business travelers, and remote workers.

Because activation happens instantly through a QR code or app, travelers enjoy a seamless experience: they land, turn on their phone, and connect. This instant gratification often results in higher customer satisfaction and increases the likelihood of repeat usage for frequent travelers.

For MNOs, travel eSIMs open the door to new revenue streams and an expanded market with minimal cost. While MNOs regularly garner a sizeable local customer base by solely offering traditional SIM cards, tourists are far less likely to go through the effort of procuring a physical SIM while traveling; eSIM solves this issue through its flexibility and instant activation, broadening market opportunities. Winning international customers is low-cost for MNOs, who already have the infrastructure in place to provide connectivity, and can represent a significant boost in earnings. Additionally, travel eSIMs help operators build brand awareness in international markets and provide a foundation for global digital distribution partnerships. 

These offerings can also be bundled with value-added services such as content streaming, navigation tools, or localized support.

Enterprise eSIM

Enterprise eSIM solutions are a critical tool for businesses seeking secure, scalable, and centrally managed connectivity. Organizing traditional connectivity across international borders is a complex task, causing difficulties for companies with a global remit; remote provisioning can radically simplify this issue.

IT teams can activate and manage connectivity for devices from a central platform, eliminating the need to ship physical SIM cards and thus reducing downtime while enhancing device security.
For MNOs, enterprise eSIM services create new opportunities to deliver high-value mobility solutions, expand managed service portfolios, and support multinational organizations that require consistent connectivity policies across regions.

This also positions operators as strategic partners rather than just connectivity providers, enabling long-term relationships and deeper integration into enterprise IT ecosystems.

IoT eSIM

IoT-enabled devices benefit significantly from eSIM. The need to physically install SIM cards posed material challenges for many classes of IoT devices, especially those that operated multi-nationally. Among these challenges were high costs, subpar connectivity, and regulatory issues connected to permanent roaming.

However, eSIM allows for long-term deployments without any hassle by supporting constant monitoring and automatic networking swaps when needed.

For operators, IoT eSIM capabilities unlock large-scale connectivity opportunities. Enterprises deploying tens of thousands, or even millions, of devices can manage them centrally without worrying about physical SIM logistics.

This positions MNOs to serve as the backbone of emerging global IoT ecosystems, enabling the development of advanced services such as device orchestration, analytics, and security monitoring.

Note: while alternatives such as iSIM and softSIM are emerging, eSIM remains the most mature option today.

How Should MNOs
Choose an eSIM Partner?

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Selecting the right eSIM partner is an important strategic decision for any MNO. The partner you choose becomes part of your core provisioning infrastructure, shaping how easily customers activate service, how smoothly devices connect, and how effectively you expand into new markets.

A reliable eSIM partner offers:

  • Seamless integration and interoperability that is customized to your organization’s specific connectivity needs and tech stack
  • Ready-to-use management tools that can be white-labelled for eSIM provisioning, device management, and more
  • API-first modular architecture that offers personalization and control 
  • Global IMSI support for a truly effortless experience
  • Real-time analytics for insights on CSP performance
  • A high degree of automation and control to make provision as simple as possible
  • A fully secure and compliant provider that guarantees data integrity and confidentiality.

Choosing the right eSIM partner is crucial to ensure an ideal customer experience, streamlined operations, and competitiveness in a rapidly evolving connectivity landscape.

Related Glossary Pages

The Perfect Partner for MNOs

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MNOs need a partner that can manage eSIM connectivity, allowing them to focus on maintaining the physical infrastructure that underpins connectivity.

Telna delivers a suite of eSIM solutions designed for MNOs. With global coverage across 200+ countries, instant eSIM ordering and delivery, full lifecycle management, dynamic service controls, automated API integration, Telna has everything MNOs require and more. Together, these capabilities help streamline operations, scale efficiently, and enhance customer satisfaction.

Find out how Telna’s Connect platform can simplify provisioning and expand your MNO business.


FAQs About MNOs

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Can MNOs use eSIM?

MNOs both support and benefit from eSIM technology. By enabling remote provisioning, eSIM allows MNOs to offer instant activation, streamline onboarding, reduce physical SIM logistics, and improve customer experience.

 

How are MNOs evolving with 5G? MNOs are transforming their networks and business models to take advantage of 5G’s higher speeds, low latency, and improved capacity. These advancements enable MNOs to support next-generation applications such as autonomous vehicles, advanced robotics, immersive media, and large-scale IoT ecosystems.
How can MNOs support IoT? MNOs support IoT by providing reliable, scalable connectivity across a wide range of devices and industries. Using technologies such as NB-IoT, LTE-M, 4G, 5G, and eSIM, MNOs can deliver secure and long-lasting connectivity for everything from smart meters and industrial sensors to connected vehicles and logistics systems.